The Chemical Role of Cement and Lime in the Stabilization Mechanisms of Lead Contaminated Iraqi Soils

Authors

  • Dr. Ghazi Maleh Mutter  Asst. Prof. Department of Environmental Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University/Baghdad, Iraq

Keywords:

Hydrated lime, Cement, Soil Stabilization, Contamination, Lead, Iraq.

Abstract

Unfortunately, Iraq has wide areas of heavy metals contaminated lands due to mismanagement of activities dealing with these pollutants. But, Iraq is one of the biggest countries in the Middle East in the production of cement and lime and both are of low prices and available in the local markets as building materials. This study is designed to investigate the use of (0.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0% by weight) hydrated lime “locally known as Nora” and Portland cement in the treatment of many lead contaminated Iraqi soil samples and then studying their role in soil stabilization; as measured by a newly developed “mini” JET device and by the dispersion ratio method (DR, %) determined in 1:2 soil: water solutions. The results revealed that both lime and cement can significantly improve the stability of these soils and only 6% of both stabilizers were required to get the optimum soil stabilization. According to the “mini” JET calculations of the critical shear stress (?c, pa) and the erodibility coefficient (kd), by using a linear model and the Blaisdell solution technique, both stabilizers have improved the soil engineering properties that are related to soil stabilization. Thus, stabilizers have reduced both the scouring depth (SD) and the erodibility coefficient (kd) of treated soils. The DR values in both stabilizers were highly correlated with the (kd) coefficients (R= 0.99 and 0.94 in lime and cement, respectively) and the soil solution chemistry, which is the main concern of this study, was of prime important in this respect. Chemically, both stabilizers have increased pH (from 7.18 to 9.20, R= 0.98 for lime; from 7.18 to 8.65, R= 0.97 for cement) but decreased both EC (from 3.50 to 1.40 mS/cm, R= -0.82 for lime; from 3.50 to 1.30 mS/cm, R= -0.85 for cement) and SAR (from 6.30 to 1.98, R= -0.96 for lime; from 6.3 to 2.8, R= -0.85 for cement) in treated soil solutions. Concerning the pH changes, lime has more impact than cement in increasing pH, especially in higher additions (i.e. 9%, pH 9.20 in lime, and 8.65 in cement ), and this may make lime as being less efficient than cement as a stabilizer. However, both stabilizers have successfully decreased the erodibility coefficient (kd, from 1090 to 170 cm3/kN.s, R= -0.78 in lime, and from 1090 to 0.0 cm3/kN.s, R= -0.85 in cement) and the dispersion ratio (DR, from 7.03 to 1.96%, R= -0.83 in lime, and from 7.03 to 1.33%, R= -0.96 in cement) and hence the lead solubility (Pb, from 48.8 to 19.5 ppm, R= -0.96 in lime, and from 48.8 to 12.2 ppm, R= -0.84 in cement) in the solutions of lead contaminated soil. Cement, with no doubt, was more efficient than lime in this respect.

References

  1. J. R. Conner. 1990. “Chemical Fixation and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes,” Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY., ISBN 0-4422-0511-2.
  2. A. Palomo and M. Palacios. 2003. “Alkali-activated cementitious materials: alternative matrices for the immobilization of hazardous wastes part II: Stabilization of chromium and lead,” Cement and concrete research, 33(3), 289-295.
  3. C. Y. Lee, H. K. Lee and K. M. Lee. 2003. “Strength and microstructural characteristics of chemically activated fly-ash-cement systems,”. Cem. Conr. Res. 33(3), 425-431.
  4. W. Shively, P. Bishop, D. Gress and T. Brown. 1986. “Leaching tests of heavy metals stabilized with Portland cement,” J. WPCF. 38, 234-241.
  5. H. E. Middleton. 1930. “Properties of Soils Which Influence Soil Erosion,” USDA. 178.
  6. USDA. 1954. “Saline and Alkaline Soils,” Handbook No. 60.
  7. G.M. Mutter. 1989. “Water Erosion of Calcareous Soils in South East England,” Ph. D Theses, University of London.
  8. W. W. Emersion. 1967. “A classification of soil Aggregates based on their Coherence in Water,” Aust. J. Soil Research. 5, 47-57.
  9. P. J. Loveland, J. Hazelden, R. G. Sturdy, and J. M. Hodgson.1986. “Salt-affected soils in England and Wales,” Soil Use and Management, 2(4), 150-156. 
  10. B. L. Emerson. 1959. “The Structure of Soil Crumbs,” J. Soil Sci. 10, 235-243.
  11. T. M. Abu-Sharar, F. T. Bingham and J. D. Rhoades. 1987. “Stability of Soil Aggregates as Affected by Electrolyte Concentraion and Composition,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 309-314.
  12. R. J. Southard, I. Shainberg and M. J. Singer. 1988. “Influence of the Electrolyte Concentration on the Micromorphology of Artificial Depositional Crust,” Soil Science. 145, 278-288.
  13. P. Sherwood. 1993. “Soil stabilization with cement and lime,” State of the Art Review, Transport Research Laboratory, HMSO, London.
  14. EuroSoilStab. 2002. “Development of Design and Construction Methods to Stabilize Soft Organic Soils: Design Guide for soft soil stabilization,” European Commission, Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme (Rite-EuRam III) Bryssel.
  15. J. R. Conner and S. L Hoeffner. 1998. “The History of Stabilization/Solidification Technology”.
  16. C. Shi and R. Spence. 2004. “Designing of cement-based formula for solidification/stabilization of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes,” Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. 34, 391-417.
  17. O. G. Ingles and J. B. Metcalf. 1972. “Soil Stabilization (Principle and Practice),” Butterworth, 165-186, Sydney.
  18. C. D. F. Rogers and S. Glendinning. 2000. “Lime requirement for stabilization,” Transportation Research Record, 1721, 9-18.
  19. S. Bhattacharja, J. I. Bhatty, H. A. Todres. 2003. “Stabilization of Clay Soils by Portland Cement or Lime-A Critical Review of Literature,” Research and development Information (PCA R&D Serial no. 2066), Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, USA.
  20. K.Kasama, H. Ochiai and N. Yasufuku. 2000. “On the stress-strain behaviour of lightly cemented clay based on an extended critical state concept,” Soils and Foundations, 40(5), 37-47.
  21. A. K. AL-Neqshabendi. 1990. “Soil Stabilization of Akashat Soil,” M. Sc. Thesis, Building Construction Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
  22. S. George, D. Ponniah and J. Little. 1992. “Effect of temperature on lime-soil stabilization,” Constr. Build. Mater. 6(4), 247-252.
  23. J. Mallela, P. Harold, K. L Smith and E. Consultants. 2004. “Consideration of Lime-stabilized Layers in Mechanistic-empirical Pavement Design,” The National Lime Association, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
  24. C. M. Geiman. 2005. “Stabilization of soft clay subgrades in Virginia phase I laboratory study,” M. Sc. Thesis, Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia
  25. J. L. Eades and R. E. Grim. 1960. “Reaction of hydrated lime with pure clay minerals in soil stabilization,” Highway Res. Board Bull. 262, 51-53.
  26. K. A. Kassim, R. Hamir and K. Kok. 2005. “Modification and stabilization of Malaysian cohesive soils with lime,” Geotech. Eng. 36(2), 123-132.
  27. A. Eisazadeh, K. A. Kassim and H. Nur. 2012a. “Stabilization of tropical kaolin soil with phosphoric acid and lime,” Nat. Hazards. 61(3), 931-942.
  28. R. Yong and V. Ouhadi. 2007. “Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils,” Appl. Clay Sci. 35(3-4): 238-249.
  29. L. Chen and D. F. Lin. 2009. “Stabilization treatment of soft subgrade soil by sewage sludge ash and cement,” J. Hazard. Mater. 162(1), 321-327.
  30. ASTM. 2006. “Annual Book of ASTM Standards., Section 4: Construction,” Philadelphia, PA, ASTM.
  31. S. Wild, M. R. Abdi and G. Leng-Ward. 1993. “Sulphate Expansion of Lime Stabilized Kaolinite II. Reaction Products and Expansion,” Clay Minerals. 28 (4), 569-583.
  32. A. T. Al-Madhhachi, G. J. Hanson, G. A. Fox, A. K. Tyagi and R.  Buiut. 2013. “Measuring Soil Erodibility using a Laboratory “mini” Jet”,” Trans. ASABE. 56(3).
  33. G. M.Mutter, A. T. Al-Madhhachi, and R. R. Rashed. 2017. “Influence of Soil Stabilizing Materials on Lead Contaminated Soils Using Jet Erosion Tests,” International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 9(1).
  34. CMG. 2015. “Estimating Soil Texture,” Garden Notes No. 214, Colorado Master Gardener Program, Colorado State University.
  35. K.C. Onyelowe, and F.O. Okafor. 2012. “Geochemistry of Soil Stabilization,” ARPN Journal of Earth Sciences, 1(1), 32-35.
  36. C. C. Wiles. 1987. “A review of solidification/stabilization technology,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 14, 5-21.
  37. I. C. Grieve. 1979. “Soil aggregate stability tests for the geomorphologies,” British Geomorphological Research Group. Technical Bulletin No.24.
  38. R. P. C. Morgan. 1986. “Soil erosion and conservation,” D.A. Davidson (ed). ELBS (English Language book Society/ Longman) Low priced edition.
  39. X. Cao, D. Dermatas, X. Xu, G. Shen. 2008. “Immobilization of lead in shooting range soils by means of cement, quicklime, and phosphate amendments,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 120-127.
  40. R. S. Rollings and M. P. Burkes. 1999. “Sulfate attack on cement stabilized sand,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering, 125(5), 364-372.
  41. K. A. Saeed, K. A. Kassim and H. Nur. 2014. “Physicochemical characterization of cement treated kaolin clay,” Gra?evinar, 66(6), 513-521.
  42. T. Provin, and J. L. Pitt. 2012. “Managing Soil Salinity,” Agricultural communication, The Texas A&M University System Web page: http://texaserc.tamu.edu Web page visited: March 2013.
  43. B. R. Hanson, S. R.Gratton, A. Fullton. 1999. “Agricultural Salinity and Drainage,” University California, Davis.
  44. V. R. Ouhadi, A. R. Goodarzi. 2006. “Assement of the Stability of a Dispersive Soil Treated by Alum,” Engineering Geology. 85, 91-101.
  45. M. Z. Bruckner. 2012. “Water and Soil Characterization-pH and Electrical Conductivity, Microbial Life Educational Resources,” Montana State University Bozeman.
  46. United State Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2011. “Soil Quality Indicator: Soil Electrical Conductivity; Natural Resources Conservation Services: United State”
  47. I. A. Mirsal. 2008. “Soil Pollution. Origin Monitoring & Remediation,” 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  48. A. E. Boardman, D. H. Greenberg, A. R. Vining, D. L. Weimer. 2001. “Cost-Benefit Analysis,” Prentice Hall.
  49. R. P. Chen, Y. M. Chen, J. X. Wang and V. P. Drnevich. 2006. “Application of TDR on LKD and cement-treated soils,” Proc. TDR 2006, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA, Sept. Paper ID 38.
  50. A. H. Vakili, M. R. Selamat and H. Moayedi. 2013. “Effects of Using Pozzolan and Portland Cement in the Treatment of Dispersive Clay,” The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 547615, 10 pages.
  51. D. Dermatas and X. Meng. 2003. “Utilization of fly ash for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal contaminated soils,” Engineering Geology, 2189, 1-18.
  52. S. M. Griffith, F. J. Sowden and M. Schnitzer. 1976. “The alkaline hydrolysis of acid-resistant soil and humic residues,” Soil Biol. Biochem. 8,529-531.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

Downloads

Published

2017-10-31

Issue

Volume 3, Issue 6, September-October-2017

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) IJSRSET

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
Dr. Ghazi Maleh Mutter, " The Chemical Role of Cement and Lime in the Stabilization Mechanisms of Lead Contaminated Iraqi Soils, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology(IJSRSET), Print ISSN : 2395-1990, Online ISSN : 2394-4099, Volume 3, Issue 6, pp.873-883, September-October-2017.