The Prevalence of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus among Various Clinical Specimens in Khartoum state Sudan

Authors

  • Safana A. A. Alhady  Department of Microbiology, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
  • Musa Abdalla Ali  Department of Microbiology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET218474

Keywords:

Staphylococcus Aureus, Inducible Clindamycin Resistance (iCR).

Abstract

Background : S. aureus is frequently associated with skin infections, pneumonia, surgery wounds, bacteraemia, osteomyelitis and endocarditis, being considered one of the most important pathogens of the human being, both at the community level and at nosocomial infections, and may become serious if caused by antimicrobial resistant strains, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, which are resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents, methicillin-sensitive S.aureus (MSSA) and isolates with reduced susceptibility and resistance to vancomycin, which is the last drug for the treatment of MRSA infections. So, this study aimed to detect the existence of inducible resistance of S. aureus to Clindamycin in Khartoum-Sudan among patients attended to Suba University Hospital. Methods : The study was performed as cross-sectional one, 53 clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from (34 females and 19 males) with different clinical condition among patients attended to Suba University Hospital in Khartoum-Sudan from April to August 2017. To detect inducible clindamycin resistant by using D test. In addition to that MRSA / MSSA all the isolates screened for methicillin resistant by using 1 µg oxacillin then examined for inducible clindamycin resistant by D test. In addition to that examine for antimicrobial susceptibility profile which include vancomycin, gentamycin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science, version 22, P. value <0.05 was considered statistically significant Results : out of 53 isolates, 36 S. aureus isolated resistant to Clindamycin, 26 (72.2%) were MRSA and 10 (27.8%) were MSSA by means of D test, while 17 (32.1%) of isolates were sensitive 9 (53%) MRSA and 8 (47 %) MSSA. Comparing Induced clindamycin resistance showed equally distribution among MSSA and MRSA isolates, giving no significant difference as P- value 0.167. Conclusion : This study showed that D.test to detect inducible clundamycin resistance in staphylococcus aureus.

References

  1. Thorlacius-Ussing L, Sandholdt H, Larsen AR, Petersen A, Benfield T. Age-Dependent Increase in Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Denmark, 2008–2015. Emerg Infect Dis. maj 2019;25(5)
  2. Schonheyder H. C. Paul M. Placing the burden of bacteraemia in perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013; 19: 489-491
  3. Butler-Laporte G, De L'Étoile-Morel S, Cheng MP, McDonald EG, Lee TC. MRSA colonization status as a predictor of clinical infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Infect. 2018 Dec;77(6):489-495.
  4. Dagasso G, Conley J, Parfitt E, Pasquill K, Steele L, Laupland K. Risk factors associated with bloodstream infections in end-stage renal disease patients: a population-based study. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018 Nov - Dec;50(11-12):831-836.
  5. Arcens M, Stirnemann J, Mayor G, John G. [Epidemiology and strategy to prevent urinary catheters related complications]. Rev Med Suisse. 2018 Aug 29;14(616):1518-1521
  6. Laupland KB, Lyytikainen O, Sogaard M, Kennedy KJ, Knudsen JD, Ostergaard C, Galbraith JC, Valiquette L, Jacobsson G, Collignon P, Schonheyder HC, International Bacteremia Surveillance Collaborative. 2013. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a multinational population-based surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:465–471
  7. Benfield T, Espersen F, Frimodt-Møller N, Jensen AG, Larsen AR, Pallesen LV, et al. Increasing incidence but decreasing in-hospital mortality of adult Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia between 1981 and 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(3):257–63.
  8. Fowler VG, Sanders LL, Sexton DJ, Kong L, Marr KA, Gopal AK, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious diseases specialists: experience with 244 patients. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 1998;27(3):478–86.
  9. Blyth CC, Darragh H, Whelan A, O’Shea JP, Beaman MH, McCarthy JS. Evaluation of clinical guidelines for the management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Intern Med J. 2002;32(5–6):224–32.
  10. Nissen JL, Skov R, Knudsen JD, Ostergaard C, Schonheyder HC, Frimodt-Moller N, et al. Effectiveness of penicillin, dicloxacillin and cefuroxime for penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective, propensity-score-adjusted case? control and cohort analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(8):1894–900.
  11. Rasmussen JB, Knudsen JD, Arpi M, Schonheyder HC, Benfield T, Ostergaard C. Relative efficacy of cefuroxime versus dicloxacillin as definitive antimicrobial therapy in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a propensity-score adjusted retrospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(2):506–14.
  12. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005;365(9459):579–87.
  13. Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati GK, Dunn JR, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):825–34.
  14. Yilmaz G, Aydin K, Iskender S, Caylan R, Koksal I. Detection and prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci. J Med Microbiol. 2007; 56:342–5
  15. Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, Hammerman WA, Lamberth L, Versalovic J, et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(12):1785–91. pmid:15909267
  16. Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, Lauderdale DS, Gaskin RE, Boyle-Vavra S, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998;279(8):593–8. pmid:9486753.
  17. Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E. Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet. 2006;368(9538):874–85. pmid:16950365.
  18. Buckingham SC, McDougal LK, Cathey LD, Comeaux K, Craig AS, Fridkin SK, et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a Memphis, Tennessee Children’s Hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(7):619–24. pmid:15247599.
  19. Fergie JE, Purcell K. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in south Texas children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(9):860–3. pmid:11734764.
  20. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Boxrud DJ, Groom AV, Steward CD, Johnson SK, et al. Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, 1996–1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(7):990–6. pmid:11528570.
  21. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, Daum RS, Fridkin SK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious disease’s society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):285–92. Epub 2011/01/11. pmid:21217178.
  22. Kaplan SL. Treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(5):457–8. Epub 2005/05/07. pmid:15876948.
  23. Marcinak JF, Frank AL. Treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2003;16(3):265–9. Epub 2003/06/25 pmid:12821819
  24. Martinez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(7):593–8. Epub 2003/07/18. pmid:12867833.
  25. Herigon JC, Hersh AL, Gerber JS, Zaoutis TE, Newland JG. Antibiotic management of Staphylococcus aureus infections in US children’s hospitals, 1999–2008. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6): e1294–300. Epub 2010/05/19. pmid:20478934.
  26. Lall M, Sahni AK. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples. Med J Armed Forces India. 2014; 70:43–7
  27. Nodzo SR, Boyle KK, Frisch NB. Nationwide Organism Susceptibility Patterns to Common Preoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics: What Are We Covering? J Arthroplasty. 2019 Jul;34(7S): S302-S306
  28. Park KH, Kim DY, Lee YM, Lee MS, Kang KC, Lee JH, Park SY, Moon C, Chong YP, Kim SH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, Ryu BH, Bae IG, Cho OH. Selection of an appropriate empiric antibiotic regimen in hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(2): e0211888
  29. Struzycka I, Mazinska B, Bachanek T, Boltacz-Rzepkowska E, Drozdzik A, Kaczmarek U, Kochanska B, Mielczarek A, Pytko-Polonczyk J, Surdacka A, Tanasiewicz M, Waszkiel D, Hryniewicz W. Knowledge of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance amongst final year dental students of Polish medical schools-A cross-sectional study. Eur J Dent Educ. 2019 Aug;23(3):295-303
  30. Ma D, Chen Y, Chen T. Vaginal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a conceptual analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2019 Feb 01;366(4).
  31. Vivek JS, Rajesh GN, Mukesh S, Manpreet K, Manpreet K, Misra RN, et al. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among community and hospital associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a tertiary care hospital in India. Biomed Res 2011; 22:465 9
  32. Saderi H, Emadi B, Owlia P. Phenotypic and genotypic study of macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Tehran, Iran. Med Sci Monit 2011;17:BR48 53
  33. Reddy SP, Suresh R. Phenotypic detection of inducible clindamycin resistance among the clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus by using the lower limit of inter disk space. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res 2012; 2:258 64
  34. Chelae S, Laohaprertthisarn V, Phengmak M, Kongmuang U, Kalnauwakul S. Detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci by disc diffusion induction test. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92(7):947–51.
  35. Leclercq R. Mechanism of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 34:482–92.
  36. Siberry GK, Tekle T, Carroll K, Dick J. Failure of clindamycin treatment in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance in vitro. C Lin Infect Dis. 2003; 37:1257–60
  37. Deotale V, Mendiratta DK, Raut U, Narang P. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2010; 28:124–6.
  38. Zelazny AM, Ferraro MJ, Glennen A, Hindler JF, Mann LM, Munro S, et al. Selection of strains for quality assessment of the disk induction method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococci: a CLSI collaborative study. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43:2613–2615.
  39. Chelae S, Laohaprertthisarn V, Phengmak M, Kongmuang U, Kalnauwakul S. Detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci by disk diffusion induction test. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009 Jul; 92:947–951
  40. Fiebelkorn KR, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Jorgensen JH. Practical disk diffusion method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:4740–744.
  41. Steward CD, Raney PM, Morrell AK, Williams PP, McDougal LK, Jevitt L, et al. Testing for induction of clindamycin resistance in erythromycin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43:1716–1721.
  42. Colle J, Faster A, Marmion B, Simmons A: Practical Microbiology [Mackie & Mc Cartney]. In.:Elsevier; 2006.
  43. Ren CL, Morgan WJ, Konstan MW, Schechter MS, Wagener JS, Fisher KA, Regelmann WE:Presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory cultures from cystic fibrosis patients is associated with lower lung function. Pediatric pulmonology 2007, 42(6):513-518.
  44. Riordan JT, Muthaiyan A, Van Voorhies W, Price CT, Graham JE, Wilkinson BJ, Gustafson JE: Response of Staphylococcus aureus to salicylate challenge. Journal of bacteriology 2007, 189(1):220-227
  45. R. P. Adhikari, S. Shrestha, A. Barakoti & R. Amatya Inducible clindamycin and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital, Kathmandu, NepalBMC Infectious Diseases volume 17, Article number: 483 (2017)
  46. Soumyadeep Ghosh and Mandira Banerjee. Methicillin resistance & inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Med Res v.143(3); 2016 Mar

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

Downloads

Published

2021-08-30

Issue

Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October-2021

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) IJSRSET

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
Safana A. A. Alhady, Musa Abdalla Ali "The Prevalence of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus among Various Clinical Specimens in Khartoum state Sudan" International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Print ISSN : 2395-1990, Online ISSN : 2394-4099, Volume 8, Issue 5, pp.13-21, September-October-2021. Available at doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET218474