Effect of Nickel Doping on the physical Properties of Nanostructured Cadmium Oxide Thin Films Synthesized via Chemical Spray Pyrolysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET2512508Keywords:
CdO, thin films, doping, Ni, CSP, XRD, AFM, transmittance, absorbance, EgAbstract
In this study, the effects of nickel (Ni) doping on the microstructure, morphology, and optical behavior of nanostructured CdO thin films deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) are explored. Thin films were synthesized with varying Ni doping concentrations (0%, 1%, and 3%) and deposited on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a polycrystalline structure in all films with preferential (200) orientation. Nickel doping led to increased crystallite size while reducing both dislocation density and microstrain. AFM images confirmed a uniform, densely packed morphology, with decreased surface roughness and average particle size as Ni content increased. Optical measurements showed that transmittance decreased and absorbance increased with higher Ni doping. The optical band gap exhibited a gradual reduction with higher doping concentrations, which is associated with the creation of localized energy states within the band structure. Additionally, extinction coefficient and refractive index values were affected by doping, demonstrating a decline with increasing Ni concentration. Overall, Nickel doping induces significant changes in the physical behavior of CdO films.
📊 Article Downloads
References
K. Gurumurugan, D. Mangalraj and S.K. Narayanandas, “Correlations between the optical and electrical properties of CdO thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis,” Thin Solid Films, 251 (1994) 7-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(94)90831-1
O. Gomezdaza, A. Arias-Carbajal Readigos, J. Campos, M. T. S. Nair and P. K. Nair, “Substrate spacing and thin - film yield in chemical bath deposition of semiconductor thin films,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 15(11) (2000) 1022-1029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/15/11/302
D.C. Renolds, D. C. Look and B. Jogai, “Optically pumped ultraviolet lasing from CdO,” Solid State Comm. 99 (1996) 873-875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(96)00340-7
R. Kumaravel, K. Ramamurthi and V. Krishnakumarm, " Effect of Indium doping in CdO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique" Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids ,71(11), 2010, pp .1545-1549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.07.021
F. P. Koffyberg, “Diffusion of donors in semiconducting CdO”. Solid State Common., 9 (1971) 2187-2189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(71)90627-2
R. L. Mishra, A. K. Sharma and S. GPrakash, “Gas sensitivity and characterization of cadmium oxide semiconducting thin film deposited by spray pyrolysis technique,” Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 4 (2009) 511-518.
Yakuphanoglu F (2011) Preparation of nanostructure Ni doped CdO thin films by sol gel spin coating method. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 59:569–573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2528-2
B. Sahin , Y. Gulen , F. Bayansal , H.A. Cetinkara and H.S. Guder, “Structural and optical properties of Ba-doped CdO films prepared by SILAR method,” Superlattices and Microstructures 65, 56–63(2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2013.10.031
Murugesan Rajini, Marimuthu Karunakaran and Kasinathan Kasirajan,(2019) An Investigation of SILAR Grown CdO Thin Films. Materials Science-Poland, 37(1) 25-32.
Harun Güney and Demet İskenderoğlu, (2019) The effect of Zn doping on CdO thin films grown by SILAR method at room temperature. Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 119–123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.09.045
V. Radhika and V. Annamalai (2019) Antibacterial Application of Undoped and Doped CdO, Nanocrystalline Thin Films. J. Environ. Nanotechnol. 8, (2) 1 -10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2019.06.192359
Dakhel AA and Henari FZ (2003) Optical characterization of thermally evaporated thin CdO films. Cryst Res Technol 38:979–985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200310124
Zhao Z, Morel DL and Ferekides CS (2002) Electrical and optical properties of tin-doped CdO films deposited by atmospheric metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 413:203–21.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00344-9
Zhou Q, Ji Z, Hu BB, Chen C, Zhao L and Wang C (2007) Low resistivity transparent conducting CdO thin films deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Mater Lett 61:531–534.
Zhou, Qiang, Ji, Zhenguo, Hu, BinBin, Chen, Chen, Zhao, Lina, Wang, Chao, 2007. Low resistivity transparent conducting CdO thin films depositedby DC reactive magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Mater. Lett. 61, 531–534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.05.004
Gupta RK, Ghosh K, Patel R and Kahol PK (2009) Highly conducting and transparent Ti-doped CdO films by pulsed laser deposition. Appl Surf Sci 255:6252–6255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.01.091
Yahya KZ and Adel M (2012) Influence of substrate temperature on structure and optical properties of CdO thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Eng Tech J 30:416–425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.30.3.7
Nicholas O. Ongwen1, Andrew O. Oduor and Elijah O. Ayieta, “ Effect Of Deposition Temperature On The optical Properties Of Iron Doped Cadmium Stannate Thin Films Deposited By Spray Pyrolysis,” IJSTRE, Vol. 4, 3 (2019).
T.K. Subramanyam, S. Uthanna, B. Srinivasulu Naidu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 169, 529–534 (2001) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(00)00714-5
Aksoy, Seval, Caglar, Yasemin, Ilican, Saliha, Caglar, Mujdat, 2009. Effect of heat treatment on physical properties of CdO films deposited by sol–gel method. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34, 5191–5195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.057
Bhosale, C.H., Kambale, A.V., Kokate, A.V., Rajpure, K.Y., 2005. Structural, optical and electrical properties of chemically sprayed CdO thin films.Mater. Sci. Eng. B 122 (August (1)), 67–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.04.015
Saha, B., Thapa, R., Chattopadhyay, K.K., 2008. Wide range tuning of electrical conductivity of RF sputtered CdO thin films through oxygen partialpressure variation. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 92, 1077–1080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.03.024
L. R. de León-Gutiérrez, J. J. CayenteRomero, J. M. Peza-Tapia, E. BarreraCalva, J .C. and Martínez-Flores, M. OrtegaLópez, "Some physical properties of Sndoped CdO thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition", material letters, 60 , 2006, pp.3866–3870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.03.131
Khadayeir, A. A., Hassan, E. S., Chiad, S. S., Habubi, N. F., Abass, K. H., Rahid, M. H., Mubarak T. H, Dawod M. O. and Al-Baidhany, I.A., Structural and Optical Properties of Boron Doped Cadmium Oxide, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234 (1), 20119, 012014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1234/1/012014
A.W. Metz, J.R. Ireland, J.G. Zheng, R.P.S.M. Lobo, Y. Yangm, J. Li, C.L. Stern, V.P. Dravid, N. Bontemps, C.R. Kannewurf, K.R. Poeppelmeier, T.J. Marks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8477–8492 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja039232z
S. Jin, Y. Yang, J.E. Medvedeva, J.R. Ireland, A.W. Metz, J. Ni,C.R. Kannewurf, A.J. Freeman, T.J. Marks, J. Am. Chem. Soc.126, 13787–13793 (2004) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0467925
Jandow, N. N., Othman, M. S., Habubi, N. F., Chiad, S. S., Mishjil, K. A. and Al-Baidhany, I. A., Theoretical and experimental investigation of structural and optical properties of lithium doped cadmium oxide thin films, Materials Research Express 6(11), 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4af8
M. D. Uplane, P. N. Kshirsagan, B. J. Lokhande, C. H. Bhosale, " Characteristic analysis of spray deposited Cadmium oxide thin films" Materials Chemistry and Physics Volume 64, Issue, Pages 75–78, (2000). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(99)00242-4
G. Anil Kumar et.al "Structural and Optical Properties of CdO Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering Technique" Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India, AIP Conf. Proc. 1591, 1009 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4872833
Abdolahzadeh Ziabaria A. and Ghodsia F.E. "Optical and Structural Studies of SolGel Deposited Nanostructured CdO Thin Films: Annealing Effect" Acts Physical Polemical, Vol 120 No.3 (2011).
R. S. de Biasi, and M.L.N. Grillo, “Measurement of small concentrations of manganese in cadmium oxide (CdO) using electron magnetic resonance”, Ceramics International, 39(2), 2171-2173(2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.07.102
G.Kaaviya, P.Monisha, S.S.Gomathi1, K. Pushpanathan, “Effect of Mn Doping on the Structural, Optical and Antibacterial Properties of CdO Nanoparticles”, Vol. 6, Iss.3(2019).
I. S. Yahia, G. F. Salem, M. S. Abd El-sadek and F. Yakuphanoglu, “Optical properties of Al-CdO nano-clusters thin films by sol-gel spin coating method”, Super lattices and Microstructures, 64: 178-184(2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2013.09.024
G. Olcay, A. Ferhunde and A. Idris, “The optical, electrical and surface properties for annealed CdO films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis”, SAU J. Sci., 17(3): 295-300(2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5505/saufbe.2013.03411
A. Abdolahzadehand F. E. Ghodsi, “Optical and structural studies of Sol-gel deposited nanostructured CdO thin films: Annealing effect”, Acta physica polonica, 120(3): 536-540(2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.120.536
M.k.Khan, M. Azizar Rahman, M. Shahjahan, M. Mozibur Rahman, M.A.Hakim, Dilip Kumar Saha and Jasim Uddin Khan”, Effect of Al-doping on optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolytic nano-crystalline CdO thin films . Current Applied Physics, 10: 790-796(2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2009.09.016
P.A.Radi, A.G. Brito, J.M.Madurro, and N.O.Dantas "Characterizationand properties of CdO nanocrystals incorporated in polyacrylamide" Brazilian Job Physics, 36, 412-414, (2006). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332006000300048
R.S.Mane, H.M.Pathan,C.D.Lokhande and S.H.Han , "An effective use of Nano crystalline CdO thin films in dye-sensitized solar cells" Solar Energy, 80,185-190, (2006). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.08.013
P. Sinatirajah "Formation of CdO films from chemically deposited Cd (OH) 2 films as a precursor", Applied Surface Science, 254(13), 3813– 3818 (2008) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.12.015
Senthil K, Tak Y, Soel M, Yong K "Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanowire-CdO Composite Nanostructures" J. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 4: 1329–1334 (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9401-z
Z. Serbetci, B. Gunduz, A. Al-Ghamdi, F. Al-Hazmic, K. Ark, F. El-Tantawy, et al., Determination of optical constants of nanocluster CdO thin films deposited by solgel technique, Acta Phys. Polonica A 126 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.126.798
A. Shameem, P. Devendran, V. Siva, M. Raja, S. Asath Bahadur and A. Manikandan (2017) Preparation and Characterization Studies of Nanostructured CdO Thin Films by SILAR Method for Photocatalytic Applications. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 27 692-697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-017-0512-1
Fekadu Gashaw Hone and Tizazu Abza (2019) Short Review of Factors Affecting Chemical Bath Deposition Method for Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films. Int. J. Thin. Fil. Sci. Tec. 8n(2) 43-52.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
